Nathans Famous Company Analysis

Nathans Famous Company Analysis Introduction This report focuses on historical background of the fast food restaurant â€Å"Nathan’s Famous†, structure and ownership pattern, mission and vision of the company, SWOT analysis, list of strategies, financial position, and so on.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Nathans Famous: Company Analysis specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More History of Company In 1916, Nathan Handwerker established â€Å"Nathan’s Famous† as a fast food stand on Coney Island, New York where he served special hot dogs prepared with the recipe of his wife; however, the company gained global reputation within a short time for the special taste and quality (Morningstar 1). This restaurant really became famous worldwide while its hot dogs had served to the historical icons like Soviet iron man Joseph Stalin and to the English Monarchy and 32nd president of the United States Roosevelt visited the restaurant to enjo y the Nathan’s hot dogs (Morningstar 1; NATH 4; and Basham 2). Most legends politicians, celebrities, and sports celebrities of twenties in the United States like Performer and comedian Eddie Cantor, Jimmy Durante and Cary Grant and even the Chicago gangster of twenties Al Capone were the regular customers of Nathan’s Famous. During thirties, the company started to get orders from overseas market, for instance, London and other cities; in addition, it has enjoyed to monopoly market for its hot dogs supplies in the White House (Nathans Famous 1; and Basham 2). Key facts 2012 (thousand) 2011 (thousand) Total Sales revenue $52,369 $44,634 Cost of sales $42,106 $34,567 Gross profit $66,222 $57,255 Total Assets $44,520 $52,958 Net income $ 6,158 $2,213 Total costs and expenses $56,215 $53,935 Total current liabilities $13,561 $12,965 Total liabilities $15,683 $14,880 Working capital $21,989 $31,454 Total shareholders’ equity $28,837 $38,078 E arnings per share: Basic $ 1.26 $ 0.41 Number of Employees 219 (it recruited from 100 to 125 seasonal employees) Table 1: Overview of the key facts about NATH Source: Self generated from NATH (43)Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Company Structure and Ownership Pattern: Nathan Handwerker established this company as a family business with his wife; after death of the owner, his son Murray Handwerker became the president of the company in 1959 and explored its expansion strategy by opening several branches all over the USA. Moreover, this company lunched new strategy to open a number of franchises (Morningstar 1; NATH 4; and Basham 2). During nineties, the son of Murray has taken the leadership of the company; Bill failed to show high performance and he sold out the company to a private group; subsequently, this company incorporated and listed in the New York Sto ck Exchange for public trade in 1993 (Handwerker 1; Yahoo Finance 1; Morningstar 1; and NATH 5). Mission and Vision of the Company The Mission of the Nathan’s Famous Inc. is to provide unparalleled delicious and high quality fast food to the customers in order to strengthen its position and create a base of satisfied customers worldwide; The vision of the company is to improve the number of it outlets and franchisees at home and abroad with the aim to maximize its shareholders value by becoming market leader in the traditional and captive-market restaurant environments within next 10 years. Product and Services Although the NATH is a legendary in the global market for its hot dogs from the historic perspectives, the company also deals with a variety of fast foods like hamburgers, breakfast sandwiches, and crinkle-cut fries along with some restaurant tools and equipment like vending machines and Subway units and so on. According to the annual report, the majority of the fast food retailers like Auntie Anne’s Pretzels, Restaurant Depot, Sams Club Cafes, Regal Theatres, Sunoco, Yankee Stadium, and Cowboy Stadium are randomly selling the products of the Nathan’s hot dogs at 1000 outlets in 50 states and accounted sales of 435 million hot dogs in the previous year. Demographics The major operation of the Nathan’s Famous Inc. is in the United States where the demography consists with population of 313,847,465 estimated in July 2012 with a growth rate 0.9%, birth rate 13.7 births/1,000, death rate 8.4 deaths/1,000 and net migration rate 3.62 migrant(s)/1,000 population (Indexmundi 1). Major cities for population density, the position of New York is at the top with 19.3 million population; Los Angeles in the second position with 12.675 million population; Chicago in third position with 9.134 million; Miami is the fourth with 5.699 million, and the lowest population in the capital city Washington, DC with 4.421 million population. Among th e total population, male female ratio is 97: 100; the life expectancy for male is 76.05 years and for female is 81.05 years and at least 1.2 million people live with HIV / AIDS and 17,000 people die from this disease in 2009.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Nathans Famous: Company Analysis specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In accordance with the data provided by the US Census Bureau, in 2007, there are several ethical groups live in the US where Native Americans are only 0.97%, whites are 79.96%, blacks are 12.85%, Asians are 4.43%, Hawaiians are 0.18%, and the others are 1.61%. At the same time, the Literacy rate of the country is 99% and the expenditure for education is 5.5% of GDP and the per capita income is US$ 27100; however, the unemployment rate was 8.15% while the health care expenditure was 16.2% of GDP in 2009. Strategic Analysis List of Strategies Implemented Branding Expansion Strategy NATH has aimed to put into practice of brand expansion strategy primarily by the marketing of the â€Å"Nathan’s Famous† brand and sales of goods with the â€Å"Nathan’s Famous† trademarks that carries historical dignity of the company. From its long practice, the brand has gained strong confidence of its customers in an extent where the company engaged to boost its sales of non-branded products converting in to own branded products while the concept of co-branding restaurant provided further opportunity to explore its brand (NATH 18); Distribution Strategy This company has engaged to expand its distribution channels by increasing addition of new points of sale and distribution along with various retail chain and supermarkets including the company owned restaurants; however, the combined practice of franchising and distribution agreements with different business and individuals is the traditional practice of exploring distribution channels; Overseas Entry Strategy This Com pany has decided to continue its international expansion through its traditional franchising scheme along with its co-branding restaurant concept that would tremendously assist for overseas entry while the company would also engage with sub-franchising and licensing for manufacturing. International distribution contracts have already given the opportunity to establish 98 restaurants along with 100 co-branded illustration worldwide;Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Operation Strategy NATH has emerged to continue its harmonized architectural design at every operational points for which it provides training and operation manuals for all the stores, no matter whether it is a company owned or franchised entry; in addition, it has provided fees for particular tasks and signed agreement for 10 years (don’t ask for any profit sharing). Both for local international operation the raw materials of the branded product must be purchased from Nathan’s or from its recommended suppliers; Nathan’s operational strategy always look for new prospects both in traditional as well as captive markets; Marketing Promotion and Advertising Strategies The company has considered marketing strategy as an integral part of brand awareness development in the course of its fortunate points of distribution channels by selling its branded menu through advertising in the supermarkets, club stores along with television advertising that boosts its reputation f or quality and value for which the company is striving. In the promotion purpose, the company frequently arranges eating contests of Hot Dogs in different states and the champions are gathered in main restaurant of Coney Island for national competition, all of these competitions get huge media coverage that greatly promotes Nathan’s brand. On the other hand, under the Nathan’s franchising agreement, the local restaurants are obliged to spend 2% of their annual sales for advertising and promotion; moreover, the local restaurants would conduct local marketing campaigns pointing to the value-oriented strategies for promotion announcing special discount offers. HR Strategies and Corporate Governance According to the annual report 2012 of this company, it has already incorporated a Financial Officer Code of Ethics to control CEO, CFO and other employees of finance department; in addition, it posted Code of Ethics on the Company’s website with intent to comply the dis closure requirement under Item 10 of Form 8-K. Moreover, NATH arranges training programs for managers and co-workers of new Company-owned and franchised restaurants because they are the key asset of the company to create brand image in the fast food industry; furthermore, it has already designed operating manuals with practices and procedures to train the employees and operate the business. Analysis of the Strategies Business Level Strategy: Cost leadership: The US fast food restaurant competitive market, the competitors mainly consider cost leadership strategy and ask comparatively lower price for the commodity and service; however, NATH offers lower price, but it is not offering the lowest price for all food item. In addition, it has a lot of loyal customers and they purchase hot dogs considering taste and quality; therefore, NATH has not used this strategy since price is not a prime concern to the customers; Differentiation: From the very beginning of the operation of NATH, it o ffers unique hot dogs. However, product differentiation is key strategy of this company, for instance, Beef Hot Dogs, Crinkle-Cut French Fries, Hamburgers, Philly Cheesesteaks, Chicken Classics Menu (Krispy Chicken Tenders and Sandwich, Chargrilled Chicken) Salads (Caesar and Krispy Chicken Club), Famous Favorites, and so on; Cost focus: According to the annual report 2012 of NATH, it designs own pricing strategy known as â€Å"value pricing†. According to this strategy, individual food items price is higher than the price of combination of several items; however, NATH purchases raw materials from the suppliers at competitive price with intent to focus on this strategy by producing goods at lower price and offer competitive price as well; Differentiation focus: It has already captured the market of NATH concentrates on this issue because clients have distinctive preferences, taste with special requirements; therefore, the decision makers focus on this factor, but cautiously i t is not introducing new items in the regular basis; SWOT Analysis of NATH: Strengths NATH has a long experience to operate fast food restaurants as it established in 1916; According to the annual report 2012 of NATH, it achieved numerous awards for the world famous beef hot dogs; In addition, quality and taste of the food items help the company increasing market demand (Basham 3); Brand image, reputation, loyal customer base, and leadership quality are the key factors of success (Nathans Famous 1); At the same time, it has qualified and financially capable franchisees; It has 40 corporate management employees, 154 full-time employees, 25 restaurant managers; Distribution strategy, pricing strategy, supply chain management, other marketing strategies are the main strengths; Financial position At present, it has strong financial position to invest more for the new outlets and change the external business environment; however, the following table shows ratio analysis for this compa ny. Nathans Famous 2009 (US$) 2010 (US$) 2011 (US$) 2012 (US$) Net profit margin 15.20 10.95 3.87 9.30 Return on Assets (%) 14.81 10.79 4.16 12.63 Return on Equity (%) 17.72 12.93 5.37 18.41 Return on Invested Capital (%) 17.72 12.93 5.27 17.53 Current Ratio 6.12 6.12 3.43 2.62 Table 2: Key ratio of Nathans Famous Source: Self generated from Morningstar (1) Weakness The management of this company has not concentrated on the global market expansion while many companies open new outlets in the emerging market, like Brazil, Bangladesh, India, and China; however, this company has a problem in the decision-making process to develop business and compete with other competitors. the corporate governance system is ineffective to meet the challenge of competitive industry It has only 219 employees to control all the distribution channels (NATH 12) Profit margin is decreasing due to high operating costs in the recessionary economy (Morningstar 1); On the other hand, less inter est to develop new products and expand business in new business zone; Needs to take appropriate measure considering the pricing or other marketing strategies of the competitors; Opportunities NATH has already opened a new outlet in different States of the US market, but it has opportunity to expand more outlet in the high populated market; It can create large customer base in the new areas to maximize profits At the same time, it should open new branch in emerging Asian market, for example, Bangladesh; It has opportunity to increase share capital and earning per share using appropriate strategy in the stock market It has scope to increase market share in the first food industry; Threats According to the annual report 2012 of this company, the fast food restaurant industry is extremely competitive because many factors influence the business, for instance, economic condition, purchasing power of the customers, changes in consumer tastes, awareness about the nutritional quality and increase number of competitors. There are many other risk factors, such as, the loss of major suppliers, the impact of agreement with SMG, high competition in the quick-service restaurant segment; however, the following table provides competitive position of NATH. NATH MCD YUM Market Situation 225.93 million 100.55 billion 31.13 billion Employees: 219 440,000 78,450 Sales Revenue 70.55 million 27.63 billion 13.42 billion Gross profit Margin 0.32 0.39 0.27 EBITDA 12.54 million 9.84 billion 46.37 million Operating Profit Margin 0.16% 0.30% 0.16% Net Income 6.99 million 5.47 billion 1.48 million EPS 1.52 5.39 3.14 Table 3: Direct Competitor Comparison Source: Yahoo Finance (1) Present Market Shares of the Company The position of this company in the stock market is comparatively better because the basic chart shows that share price is increasing over time. The following chart compares share price between NATH and McDonalds to show that the investors are now relyin g on the NATH considering overall position of this company in the recessionary and post recessionary economy. However, the management of this company should use the share capital to expand business in the global market and the investors will gain confidence to purchase the share of this company considering the position in the fast food industry. Figure 1: Basic chart for 2009 to 2013 (comparison between NATH and McDonalds) Source: Yahoo Finance (1) The next basic chart demonstrates that the position of YUM is strong in the stock market, but share price of NATH is higher than the share price of YUM. Figure 2: Basic chart for 2009 to 2013 (comparison between NATH and Yum! Brands) Source: Yahoo Finance (1) Share in international market NATH has business operation in eight countries with only 30 outlets all over the world whereas MCD has over 31000 outlets and Burger King has about 13200 restaurants all over the world. Therefore, the business reports on the fast food industry had not addressed significantly the market share of this company considering the number of outlets; however, the next table gives information about the presence of NATH in foreign market. Figure 3: NATH in international market Source: NATH (16) Share in local market NATH (16) reported that it has not outstanding market share in the local market in terms of the number of Company-owned and franchised units, for instance, it has 274 outlets (highest 66 franchised units in the New Works and 40 franchised units in the New Jersey). Recommendation Based on above analysis, this study will suggest two strategies for its further market growth, such as- New Product Development Although Nathan’s restaurant deals with a variety of product line, but the hot dog is globally famous and unparalleled for its taste and quality; at this stage, the company required to innovate some new products with unbeaten quality and taste. In its hamburger menu, there are grilled bacon cheeseburgers, special burgers along with super cheeseburgers; however, the company conducts further research to develop these products by maintaining same quality standards of its hot dogs; however, such innovative idea will assist the company to explore its growth quickly. Vertical Expansion Strategy The future growth of the company strongly aligned with its vertical expansion strategy; besides franchising, NATH has the opportunity to consider prospective merger and acquisition, joint venture, and strategic alliances with the local districts food stores in the US market and the international market. The ongoing licensing programs for packaged foods can also enhance through geographic integration outside the US market, but before introducing any vertical expansion strategy, the company required to have some risk assessment. However, this report suggests that the management of NATH to arrange meeting with board members to receive proposal to expand business vertically; in addition, it should prepare a timetable in order to implement new strategic alternatives. Conclusion From the above discussion, it can be said that Nathan’s creative approaches will assist to establish strong base of satisfied customers, and the focused strategies will ensure continuous expanding opportunities for the company; in addition, it will ultimately support revenue generation program in order to maximize the shareholders value creation. Basham, Mark. Nathans Famous. 2010. Web. www2.hmc.edu/~evans/NathansSP.pdf. Handwerker, Murray. Nathans Famous owner expanded nationwide. 2011. Web. http://articles.latimes.com/2011/may/22/local/la-me-passings-20110522 Indexmundi. United States Demographics Profile. 2013. Web. indexmundi.com/united_states/demographics_profile.html. Morningstar. Nathans Famous NATH. 2013. Web. http://financials.morningstar.com/ratios/r.html?t=NATHregion=USAculture=en-us. Nathans Famous. Nathans Famous History. 2013. Web. nathansfamous.com/index.php/history NATH. FORM 10-K: Annual report 201 2 Nathan’s Famous, Inc.. 2012. Web. http://216.139.227.101/interactive/nath2012/.. Yahoo Finance. Direct Competitor Comparison. 2013. Web. http://finance.yahoo.com/q/co?s=NATH+Competitors.

Expanding Sentences With Adjectives and Adverbs

Expanding Sentences With Adjectives and Adverbs Descriptive words in writing add details  to a scene or action  by making the imagery in it more precise for the reader to visualize. For example, sentences with a person waiting  patiently  or  nervously  for something to happen probably lead to very different paragraphs or stories.  Maybe its significant in a mystery novel that something happens by a  stone  wall rather than a  clapboard  wall.   Descriptors can also add layers of meaning to a scene, or set up metaphors, with just one word. A character with Victorian sensibilities gives the reader a very different feeling than one with punk attitudes. Adjective and Adverb Exercises Instructions:  Add to each sentence below by filling in the blanks with any adjectives and adverbs that you think are appropriate and correct. Example:Original: The _____ cat rested _____ on the windowsill.Expanded: The old black cat rested fitfully on the windowsill. Of course, theres no single set of correct answers to this exercise. Simply rely on your imagination to expand the original sentences, and then compare your new sentences with those created by your classmates. For additional practice, go through the exercise sentences multiple times. See how many different ways you can make them read and notice how the different adjectives and adverbs change the mood of the scene or the gravity of the situation (or increase the hilarity of the image if the adjectives and adverbs are a little bit off-kilter). For example, its a very different feel in No. 14 if an imposing teacher spoke gruffly to the boys in the hallway or whether it was a kindergarten teacher speaking comfortingly to the boys in the hallway.   One _____ afternoon in July, I walked with my cousin to the petting zoo.Under the rickety old bridge lived a(n) _____ witch.Gertrude waited _____ for the Lorax to arrive.The mouse in our kitchen was _____ small.My sister heard a(n) _____ noise coming out of the closet in her bedroom.The children laughed _____ when they saw what their uncle had brought them.Dylan received a(n) _____ smartphone for his birthday.We heard _____ music playing in the _____ apartment next door.The _____ puppy fell off the bed, but _____ he wasnt hurt.A(n) _____ man walked _____ up and down the room.The twins were playing _____ in their _____ playpen.The _____ wizard watched _____ as Rico became more and more upset.The _____ playground was filled with _____ leaves.A(n) _____ teacher spoke _____ to the boys in the hallway.The bells of the _____ church rang _____ in the clear winter air.   Avoid Overuse One caveat: When youre writing, be careful not to overstuff your sentences with adjectives and adverbs, or else the sentences (and the reader) will get bogged down in the detail. Placing the perfect adjective or adverb in the best possible spot will be more memorable to the reader and draw more attention to the detail than having an overabundance of description. If your sentences are hitting overload with descriptors, change your verbs. Instead of ​walking stealthily, maybe the person slunk around the corner. All in all, never be afraid of revision, which can bring out the best in your writing.

Crime rates in Qatar Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Crime rates in Qatar - Research Proposal Example The primary responsibility of any country to its citizens is security. The existence of adequate security in any society therefore makes it possible for people to pursue their various interests without having to worry about their personal or family safety (Wendel 2007). This positively influences the country’s economy because people devote more time towards developments and other income generating activities. Qatar is one such country that is striving to attain a national security status with relatively lower crime rates compared to her western counterparts like the United States. Although few studies have been conducted to document the actual crime statistics in Qatar, there is a general consensus that Qatar citizens feel safer than those in America (Orr 2007). Hence a research gap exists in order to establish the actually crime rates in Qatar. Several researchers in America have attempted to demystify crime by conducting a couple of studies on the crime rates in the country. Most of these studies are commissioned by stakeholders in security matters like the American criminal justice system while a few are privately funded. Stephen Rickman conducted one such study. In his findings, authorized for distribution by the American institute for public research, Rickman (2013) analyzed data for reported crimes in U.S for the past 50 years and recorded an overall reduction of crime rates from the 1970s to the present. The statistics indicate that there has been a significant decrease in crime between 2005 and 2010 since violent crimes reduced by 15.8% while property crimes dropped by 12.1% (Rickman, 2013). The findings also indicate that crime rates have fallen sharply in the last 30 years. For instance, In 1991, the U.S reported 24,703 homicides compared to 14,748 murders in the year 2010, which points to a reduction of murder ca ses by over 10,000 annually

Health Organization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Health Organization - Essay Example The healthy centre has been in existence since 1965 despite the numerous challenges that it faces. Saint Anthony centre for diabetes handles various cases that are related to nutrition, obesity, and metabolism. In addition, the hospital handles chronic conditions that affect diabetes patients. This paper will therefore analyse the marketing strategies of Saint Anthony’s hospital. The marketing mix (4 Ps) is one of the most common tools used to explain marketing phenomenon. The 4 Ps of marketing are products, place, price and promotion. The main product that the centre offers is treatment of diabetes and related complications. This is done through medication, or putting the patients (clients) on diet programs. The hospital also offers counselling services to patients with chronic conditions or those who are suffering from depression because of their ailments. Other products that the hospital offers are testing kits that are used by patients to test the level of sugars in their blood. Unlike other health organizations, saint Anthony diabetes centre offer comprehensive services to its customers. The hospital not only treats the medical condition by giving its patients control and regulation medications, but it offers counselling service to its patient. This is a critical aspect, since diabetes is a chronic disease that leaves its patients exposed to psychological depressions. The hospital has also enabled its patient to be able to monitor their health condition using the blood-sugar level test kits. This enables patients to monitor their health condition constantly without going to the health centre. Finally, the hospital offers its services in both English and Spanish. This has enabled the hospital to serve a wide range of customers. Saint Anthony serves its patient through its main centre in Chicago and other affiliated centres and clinics that are found in other major cities. In addition, the hospital has outreach programs that targets corporate and scho ols. Through the outreach programs, the hospital offers education on healthy nutrition and the significance of physical exercise. Price is a critical factor that affects the sustainability of business. The price of the products also determines the class of customers that a business attracts. The centre has compressive price strategies that cater for all its customers. The government and other organizations that are concerned with diabetes subsidize treatment for diabetic patients. Promotion involves informing the customers about the products offered by the business. The hospital markets its products through the media and field practice. Outreach programs in schools and corporate are some of the strategies that the hospital use to market its products. The centre mainly promote its services and products through partnership with schools and corporate. Relationship with these marketing partners is based on the special requirement of each of the marketing centres. For instance, a corpora te has requirements and expectations that are different from those of schools. In addition, the marketing collaborates benefits from the partnerships and the services offered by the centre. Affiliate schools use the partnership as a platform to promote healthy behaviours among their students. For instance, drug abuse and poor eating habits promote chronic conditions such as depression and cancer. These factors are also known to promote diabetes. Thus, schools consider this partnership as an opportunity to educate their students on healthy lifestyles. Similarly, the partnership benefits both the hospital and the corporate. Most professionals are faced with the challenge of balancing their professional life and social life leading to health complications. Corporate have the responsibility of ensuring that

The History And Background Of Rickets Health Essay

The History And Background Of Rickets Health Essay Rickets is a disease that is lack of vitamin D. It is mostly happening in winter and spring, and children are easy to get the disease when they from 2 to 6 age group. If the children lack of vitamin D, their bones will become soft. (1. Unknown, 2003) C:UsersDELLAppDataRoamingTencentUsers752503580QQWinTempRichOleBFU4MUDQ]H268WAGFZ_)}M.jpg Keywords: bones, children, cod liver oil, disabled children, diseases, girls, Glasgow Corporation, infants, medicine, orange juice, public health, rickets, sunlight, Vitamin D deficiency History 1st and 2nd century AD Soranus, a Roman physician, is the person who first described bony deformities in the 1st and 2nd century AD. He pointed out that bony deformities more appeared in the young children because Roman mothers often lack of nurture and hygiene. 1645 Daniel Whistler, an English physician, is credited with the earliest person who described rickets. In 1645, he published a monograph titled Inaugural medical that provided a description of the signs and symptoms of rickets. An alternate term called Paedosteocaces was used to describe the clinical symptoms of rickets. The signs and symptoms of rickets included bone pain or tenderness, dental deformities delayed formation of teeth, short stature, impaired growth, decreased muscle strength, and a number of skeletal deformities, including abnormally shaped skull (craniotabes), rib-cage abnormalities (rachitic rosary), bowlegs, and breastbone, pelvic, and spinal deformities. (2. William C. Shiel Jr., 2012) 1650 Francis Glisson, a Cambridge physician published in Latin a treatise on rickets titled De Rachitide. in 1650. Glissons work remains a classic among medical texts. Unlike Whistler, Glissons sound and elegant observation of rickets is based on clinical and postmortem experience. 1909 Nearly 2 centuries after the Glissonian era, there were no new developments in the study of rickets. At the turn of the 20th century, rickets was heavy among the underprivileged infants living in industrialized cities of North in the United States and several polluted cities in Europe. In 1909, among infants 18 months or less who had died, Schmorl found histopathological evidence of rickets in 96% (214 of 221) at autopsy, highlighting the pervasive nature of rickets during that era. Although it often happened, the exact cause of rickets still unclear. Deficient diet, faulty environment (poor hygiene, lack of fresh air and sunshine), and lack of exercise were all implicated in its etiology. (3. Kumaravel Rajakumar, 2003) Geography Rickets mainly happen in anywhere. It is primary cause of lack of vitamin D. the rickets mostly happen in the young children. Firstly, the sunlight is an important factor of cure rickets because sunlight can facilitate the synthesis of vitamin D when human body exposure to sunlight. Sniadecki, a physicians observed that children living in Warsaw had a high incidence of rickets, whereas children living in rural areas outside Warsaw did not Based on this observation, he advocated exposure to sunlight as a means of curing this disease. (4. Unknown, 2012) Secondly, according to Sniadeckis collections of opinions that indicated the appearance of rickets does not associated with the economy but the locations of the people. The opinions were from some physicians in the British Empire and the Orient showed that rickets was rare in children living in poor cities in China, Japan, and India where people received poor nutrition and lived in squalor, whereas the children of middle class and poor who lived in industrialized cities in the British Isles had a high incidence of rickets. (5. Jan 25, 2011) Culture Group Mostly young children are easy to get rickets, especially dark skin people. Young children need to eat food that includes vitamin D and they need to under the sunlight more than 15 minute every day. Symptoms The signs and symptoms of rickets included bone pain or tenderness, dental deformities delayed formation of teeth, short stature, impaired growth, decreased muscle strength, and a number of skeletal deformities, including abnormally shaped skull (craniotabes), rib-cage abnormalities (rachitic rosary), bowlegs, and breastbone, pelvic, and spinal deformities. (6. William C. Shiel Jr., 89[0d2012) Diagnosed If we found children have tetany or seizures, X-rays of long bones (radius, ulna, and femur) and ribs, they will get the rickets. (7. William C. Shiel Jr., 2012) Environmental influence Pollution from factories can affect the rickets, because the environmental pollution will block the suns ultraviolet ray. The suns ultraviolet ray is good for our body. It can make our body production of vitamin D to reduce the rickets. (8. Steven M Schwarz, 2011) Ethical issues Nowadays people who with darkly pigmented skin or live in industrialized northern cities and the children in certain Arab countries who often cover clothing and stay indoors still at risk of rickets. Besides, in tropical with sunny climates, rickets still a problem in the cities like Calcutta, Johannesburg, and in mostly African-American children in the United States, because children usually consume vegetarian or vegan diets and infants often have low levels of vitamin D as a result of the lactating mothers have low levels of vitamin D. Although rare, diets directly deficient in calcium and phosphorus may also lead to rickets. (9. Unknown, 2012) Social influence Rickets can be found much more easily in the developing countries or regions which without clean food and water. Rickets is a kind of bone structure softening disease, and it can finally lead to breakage, fractures and deformity of the limbs and spine. Rickets usually is due to malnutrition, especially when vitamin D and calcium cannot be got enough from the diet. If infants cannot get enough nutrients, they maybe get rickets much easier. Starvation, inadequate food intake or a poor diet also lead to rickets. In adults, an extreme deficiency in vitamin D can cause osteomalacia too. If malnutrition is the main cause, protruding bones and muscles may be visible. And if caught early on, rickets can be treated. The treatment for rickets caused by malnutrition should start by treating the malnutrition or malabsorption of foods. This means following a healthy diet that includes whole grains, fruits, vegetables, protein and dairy. Another recommendation is a high-calorie nutritional supplement to promote and encourage weight gain. Sometimes doctor may also recommend vitamin D and calcium supplements with the precise dosage, and along with frequent monitoring of calcium and vitamin D levels in the blood. (10. Julie Boehlke, 2011) Change agents Daniel Whistler Daniel Whistler is an English physician. He is credited with the earliest person who described rickets. In 1645, he published a monograph titled Inaugural medical that provided a description of the signs and symptoms of rickets. An alternate term called Paedosteocaces was used to describe the clinical symptoms of rickets. (11. Kumaravel Rajakumar, 2003) Harry Steenbock In 1924, University of Wisconsin-Madison biochemist Harry Steenbock discovered a method that exposure to ultraviolet irradiation can increase the vitamin D content of certain foods, virtually eliminating the debilitating condition of rickets. (12. The Guardian, 2010) K. Huldschinsky In 1919, the German researcher K. Huldschinsky carried out a remarkably innovative experiment and cured children of rickets using artificially-produced ultraviolet light. (13. Unknown, 2009) Alfred F. Hess and L. F. Unger In 1921, researchers Alfred F. Hess and L. F. Unger of Columbia University first showed that by simply exposing rachitic children to sunlight, they were able to cure them of the disease. (14. Unknown, 2009) Steenbock Recognizing that simply irradiating certain foods that were common in most peoples diets could spare large numbers of children from the bone disease, Steenbock patented the food irradiation process using ultraviolet light in 1924, donating all future proceeds to support research at the University of Wisconsin. (15. Unknown, 2009) Innovation The description of conditions with bony deformities in ancient medical writings dates back to the 1st and 2nd centuries. Despite rickets common occurrence, the exact etiology of rickets remained elusive. An English physician, Edward Mellanby made a series of experimental study and postulated, It therefore seems probable that the cause of rickets is a diminished intake of an antirachitic factor which is either fat-soluble A, or has a somewhat similar distribution to fat-soluble A. Even though his conclusion has soon been proved incorrect, His work still clearly established the role of diet in the cause of rickets. In 1861, Professor Armand Trousseau, a French internist state that rickets was caused by lack of sun exposure and a faulty diet, and cod-liver oil could effectively cure it. After many year further research and clinical trials, by the 1930s, the use of cod-liver oil in the treatment and prevention of rickets became common place. The eventual public health prevention initiative of fortification of milk with vitamin D led to eradication of rickets in the United States. (16. Kumaravel Rajakumar, 2003) When people get more information about rickets, they can think about how to prevent rickets. Contemporary uses and resources Rickets can be prevented by consumed balanced and nutrition diets. In order to prevent the rickets, foods that are high in calcium (such as milk, cheese, and salad greens) and vitamin-D (such as breakfast cereals and orange juice) should be provided (17). Evidence has showed that supplements of 400 IU of vitamin D each day can be effective in preventing the diseases (18) Vitamin D deficiency has become a serious problem throughout the world. In New Zealand, around 31% of children aged in 5-14 years suffer vitamin D deficiency (19). Foods: oily fish, liver, eggs, meat, oatmeal. Breakfast: Lunch: Dinner: Vitamin D in pregnancy diet The National Academy of Sciences recommended that pregnant women get 200 IUs (5 micrograms) of vitamin D each day if theyre not exposed to adequate sunlight (your body makes vitamin D when exposed to the sun). Many experts believe this amount isnt nearly enough. For example, Bruce Hollis, professor of pediatrics at the Medical University of South Carolina, who has researched vitamin D needs, recommended that pregnant women take a supplement of 4,000 IU of vitamin D a day. And lactating women take a supplement of 6,000 IU daily. And the National Academy of Sciences is reviewing its guidelines on vitamin D currently, so the data may change. Egg, fortified milk, fish liver oil, and fatty fish, and cereal products all contain vitamin D. Be sure to check food labels: Some cheeses, yogurts, eggs, and cereals are fortified while others arent. All milk is vitamin D fortified. Here are some of the best food sources of vitamin D: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢3 ounces catfish, cooked: 570 IU à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢3.5 ounces salmon, cooked: 360 IU à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢3.5 ounces mackerel, cooked: 345 IU à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢3 ounces tuna fish, canned in oil: 200 IU à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢1.75 ounces sardines, canned in oil, drained: 250 IU à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢1 cup milk, fortified with 25% of daily value (DV) of vitamin D: 100 IU à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢1 cup orange juice, fortified with 25% of DV of vitamin D: 100 IU à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢1 cup fortified skim milk: 98 IU à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢1 tablespoon margarine, fortified: 60 IU à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢1 cup ready-to-eat cereal, fortified with 10% of DV of vitamin D: 40 IU à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢1 egg yolk: 20 IU the BabyCenter Medical Advisory Board, 1997. Vitamin D in your pregnancy diet Retrieved on 10th November 2012 from http://www.babycenter.com/0_vitamin-d-in-your-pregnancy-diet_661.bc?page=2 Future trends Application to an establishment

Marxist Theory on Crime and Punishment Essay

Marxist Theory and Crime and Punishment Throughout human history countless philosophers have risen with what they thought to be the best form of government for society as a whole. Karl Marx may be the most influential philosopher in Russian history. According to The Free Dictionary, Marxism is the concept that â€Å"class struggle plays a central role in understanding society’s allegedly inevitable development from bourgeois oppression under capitalism to a socialist and ultimately classless society†. With this theory, Marx had a great impact on Russian literatureÍ ¾ specifically, Fyodor Dostoyevsky’s Crime and Punishment. According the the Marxist theory, one would interpret Crime and Punishment as a perfect example to the rise of communism. This novel embodies the Marxist theory because it is a proclamation of a proletariat, being that Raskolnikov is out of place in society, struggling from a paralyzing poverty and has a craving for fighting for the common goo d among a society of unjust people. According to the Marxist theory, deviance is an understandable response to poverty. Throughout the novel, there are many instances where Raskolnikov, along with other characters in the novel, suffer from poverty and in return take drastic measures. For instance, Sonya Marmeladov, a good ­willed, religious beauty, turned to prostitution in order to help her family stay afloat. Even laying down, â€Å"thirty rubles on the table†, could stop the children from crying from starvation, and keep a roof over their heads a little longer (1.2.20). Furthermore, poverty becomes a part of Raskolnikov

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