The History And Background Of Rickets Health Essay

The History And Background Of Rickets Health Essay Rickets is a disease that is lack of vitamin D. It is mostly happening in winter and spring, and children are easy to get the disease when they from 2 to 6 age group. If the children lack of vitamin D, their bones will become soft. (1. Unknown, 2003) C:UsersDELLAppDataRoamingTencentUsers752503580QQWinTempRichOleBFU4MUDQ]H268WAGFZ_)}M.jpg Keywords: bones, children, cod liver oil, disabled children, diseases, girls, Glasgow Corporation, infants, medicine, orange juice, public health, rickets, sunlight, Vitamin D deficiency History 1st and 2nd century AD Soranus, a Roman physician, is the person who first described bony deformities in the 1st and 2nd century AD. He pointed out that bony deformities more appeared in the young children because Roman mothers often lack of nurture and hygiene. 1645 Daniel Whistler, an English physician, is credited with the earliest person who described rickets. In 1645, he published a monograph titled Inaugural medical that provided a description of the signs and symptoms of rickets. An alternate term called Paedosteocaces was used to describe the clinical symptoms of rickets. The signs and symptoms of rickets included bone pain or tenderness, dental deformities delayed formation of teeth, short stature, impaired growth, decreased muscle strength, and a number of skeletal deformities, including abnormally shaped skull (craniotabes), rib-cage abnormalities (rachitic rosary), bowlegs, and breastbone, pelvic, and spinal deformities. (2. William C. Shiel Jr., 2012) 1650 Francis Glisson, a Cambridge physician published in Latin a treatise on rickets titled De Rachitide. in 1650. Glissons work remains a classic among medical texts. Unlike Whistler, Glissons sound and elegant observation of rickets is based on clinical and postmortem experience. 1909 Nearly 2 centuries after the Glissonian era, there were no new developments in the study of rickets. At the turn of the 20th century, rickets was heavy among the underprivileged infants living in industrialized cities of North in the United States and several polluted cities in Europe. In 1909, among infants 18 months or less who had died, Schmorl found histopathological evidence of rickets in 96% (214 of 221) at autopsy, highlighting the pervasive nature of rickets during that era. Although it often happened, the exact cause of rickets still unclear. Deficient diet, faulty environment (poor hygiene, lack of fresh air and sunshine), and lack of exercise were all implicated in its etiology. (3. Kumaravel Rajakumar, 2003) Geography Rickets mainly happen in anywhere. It is primary cause of lack of vitamin D. the rickets mostly happen in the young children. Firstly, the sunlight is an important factor of cure rickets because sunlight can facilitate the synthesis of vitamin D when human body exposure to sunlight. Sniadecki, a physicians observed that children living in Warsaw had a high incidence of rickets, whereas children living in rural areas outside Warsaw did not Based on this observation, he advocated exposure to sunlight as a means of curing this disease. (4. Unknown, 2012) Secondly, according to Sniadeckis collections of opinions that indicated the appearance of rickets does not associated with the economy but the locations of the people. The opinions were from some physicians in the British Empire and the Orient showed that rickets was rare in children living in poor cities in China, Japan, and India where people received poor nutrition and lived in squalor, whereas the children of middle class and poor who lived in industrialized cities in the British Isles had a high incidence of rickets. (5. Jan 25, 2011) Culture Group Mostly young children are easy to get rickets, especially dark skin people. Young children need to eat food that includes vitamin D and they need to under the sunlight more than 15 minute every day. Symptoms The signs and symptoms of rickets included bone pain or tenderness, dental deformities delayed formation of teeth, short stature, impaired growth, decreased muscle strength, and a number of skeletal deformities, including abnormally shaped skull (craniotabes), rib-cage abnormalities (rachitic rosary), bowlegs, and breastbone, pelvic, and spinal deformities. (6. William C. Shiel Jr., 89[0d2012) Diagnosed If we found children have tetany or seizures, X-rays of long bones (radius, ulna, and femur) and ribs, they will get the rickets. (7. William C. Shiel Jr., 2012) Environmental influence Pollution from factories can affect the rickets, because the environmental pollution will block the suns ultraviolet ray. The suns ultraviolet ray is good for our body. It can make our body production of vitamin D to reduce the rickets. (8. Steven M Schwarz, 2011) Ethical issues Nowadays people who with darkly pigmented skin or live in industrialized northern cities and the children in certain Arab countries who often cover clothing and stay indoors still at risk of rickets. Besides, in tropical with sunny climates, rickets still a problem in the cities like Calcutta, Johannesburg, and in mostly African-American children in the United States, because children usually consume vegetarian or vegan diets and infants often have low levels of vitamin D as a result of the lactating mothers have low levels of vitamin D. Although rare, diets directly deficient in calcium and phosphorus may also lead to rickets. (9. Unknown, 2012) Social influence Rickets can be found much more easily in the developing countries or regions which without clean food and water. Rickets is a kind of bone structure softening disease, and it can finally lead to breakage, fractures and deformity of the limbs and spine. Rickets usually is due to malnutrition, especially when vitamin D and calcium cannot be got enough from the diet. If infants cannot get enough nutrients, they maybe get rickets much easier. Starvation, inadequate food intake or a poor diet also lead to rickets. In adults, an extreme deficiency in vitamin D can cause osteomalacia too. If malnutrition is the main cause, protruding bones and muscles may be visible. And if caught early on, rickets can be treated. The treatment for rickets caused by malnutrition should start by treating the malnutrition or malabsorption of foods. This means following a healthy diet that includes whole grains, fruits, vegetables, protein and dairy. Another recommendation is a high-calorie nutritional supplement to promote and encourage weight gain. Sometimes doctor may also recommend vitamin D and calcium supplements with the precise dosage, and along with frequent monitoring of calcium and vitamin D levels in the blood. (10. Julie Boehlke, 2011) Change agents Daniel Whistler Daniel Whistler is an English physician. He is credited with the earliest person who described rickets. In 1645, he published a monograph titled Inaugural medical that provided a description of the signs and symptoms of rickets. An alternate term called Paedosteocaces was used to describe the clinical symptoms of rickets. (11. Kumaravel Rajakumar, 2003) Harry Steenbock In 1924, University of Wisconsin-Madison biochemist Harry Steenbock discovered a method that exposure to ultraviolet irradiation can increase the vitamin D content of certain foods, virtually eliminating the debilitating condition of rickets. (12. The Guardian, 2010) K. Huldschinsky In 1919, the German researcher K. Huldschinsky carried out a remarkably innovative experiment and cured children of rickets using artificially-produced ultraviolet light. (13. Unknown, 2009) Alfred F. Hess and L. F. Unger In 1921, researchers Alfred F. Hess and L. F. Unger of Columbia University first showed that by simply exposing rachitic children to sunlight, they were able to cure them of the disease. (14. Unknown, 2009) Steenbock Recognizing that simply irradiating certain foods that were common in most peoples diets could spare large numbers of children from the bone disease, Steenbock patented the food irradiation process using ultraviolet light in 1924, donating all future proceeds to support research at the University of Wisconsin. (15. Unknown, 2009) Innovation The description of conditions with bony deformities in ancient medical writings dates back to the 1st and 2nd centuries. Despite rickets common occurrence, the exact etiology of rickets remained elusive. An English physician, Edward Mellanby made a series of experimental study and postulated, It therefore seems probable that the cause of rickets is a diminished intake of an antirachitic factor which is either fat-soluble A, or has a somewhat similar distribution to fat-soluble A. Even though his conclusion has soon been proved incorrect, His work still clearly established the role of diet in the cause of rickets. In 1861, Professor Armand Trousseau, a French internist state that rickets was caused by lack of sun exposure and a faulty diet, and cod-liver oil could effectively cure it. After many year further research and clinical trials, by the 1930s, the use of cod-liver oil in the treatment and prevention of rickets became common place. The eventual public health prevention initiative of fortification of milk with vitamin D led to eradication of rickets in the United States. (16. Kumaravel Rajakumar, 2003) When people get more information about rickets, they can think about how to prevent rickets. Contemporary uses and resources Rickets can be prevented by consumed balanced and nutrition diets. In order to prevent the rickets, foods that are high in calcium (such as milk, cheese, and salad greens) and vitamin-D (such as breakfast cereals and orange juice) should be provided (17). Evidence has showed that supplements of 400 IU of vitamin D each day can be effective in preventing the diseases (18) Vitamin D deficiency has become a serious problem throughout the world. In New Zealand, around 31% of children aged in 5-14 years suffer vitamin D deficiency (19). Foods: oily fish, liver, eggs, meat, oatmeal. Breakfast: Lunch: Dinner: Vitamin D in pregnancy diet The National Academy of Sciences recommended that pregnant women get 200 IUs (5 micrograms) of vitamin D each day if theyre not exposed to adequate sunlight (your body makes vitamin D when exposed to the sun). Many experts believe this amount isnt nearly enough. For example, Bruce Hollis, professor of pediatrics at the Medical University of South Carolina, who has researched vitamin D needs, recommended that pregnant women take a supplement of 4,000 IU of vitamin D a day. And lactating women take a supplement of 6,000 IU daily. And the National Academy of Sciences is reviewing its guidelines on vitamin D currently, so the data may change. Egg, fortified milk, fish liver oil, and fatty fish, and cereal products all contain vitamin D. Be sure to check food labels: Some cheeses, yogurts, eggs, and cereals are fortified while others arent. All milk is vitamin D fortified. Here are some of the best food sources of vitamin D: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢3 ounces catfish, cooked: 570 IU à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢3.5 ounces salmon, cooked: 360 IU à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢3.5 ounces mackerel, cooked: 345 IU à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢3 ounces tuna fish, canned in oil: 200 IU à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢1.75 ounces sardines, canned in oil, drained: 250 IU à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢1 cup milk, fortified with 25% of daily value (DV) of vitamin D: 100 IU à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢1 cup orange juice, fortified with 25% of DV of vitamin D: 100 IU à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢1 cup fortified skim milk: 98 IU à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢1 tablespoon margarine, fortified: 60 IU à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢1 cup ready-to-eat cereal, fortified with 10% of DV of vitamin D: 40 IU à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢1 egg yolk: 20 IU the BabyCenter Medical Advisory Board, 1997. Vitamin D in your pregnancy diet Retrieved on 10th November 2012 from http://www.babycenter.com/0_vitamin-d-in-your-pregnancy-diet_661.bc?page=2 Future trends Application to an establishment

Marxist Theory on Crime and Punishment Essay

Marxist Theory and Crime and Punishment Throughout human history countless philosophers have risen with what they thought to be the best form of government for society as a whole. Karl Marx may be the most influential philosopher in Russian history. According to The Free Dictionary, Marxism is the concept that â€Å"class struggle plays a central role in understanding society’s allegedly inevitable development from bourgeois oppression under capitalism to a socialist and ultimately classless society†. With this theory, Marx had a great impact on Russian literatureÍ ¾ specifically, Fyodor Dostoyevsky’s Crime and Punishment. According the the Marxist theory, one would interpret Crime and Punishment as a perfect example to the rise of communism. This novel embodies the Marxist theory because it is a proclamation of a proletariat, being that Raskolnikov is out of place in society, struggling from a paralyzing poverty and has a craving for fighting for the common goo d among a society of unjust people. According to the Marxist theory, deviance is an understandable response to poverty. Throughout the novel, there are many instances where Raskolnikov, along with other characters in the novel, suffer from poverty and in return take drastic measures. For instance, Sonya Marmeladov, a good ­willed, religious beauty, turned to prostitution in order to help her family stay afloat. Even laying down, â€Å"thirty rubles on the table†, could stop the children from crying from starvation, and keep a roof over their heads a little longer (1.2.20). Furthermore, poverty becomes a part of Raskolnikov

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Analysis Of The Book Stranger s The Village Of The Sick...

Ashley Scott ANTH 221-01 FA 2014 Ethnographic Assignment In his autobiographical novel â€Å"Stranger in the Village of the Sick† American anthropologist Paul Stoller recounts how spending 17 years as an apprentice sorcerer in West Africa prepared him for dealing with Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma later on in life. While conducting field work in Niger, Stoller, who was raised with a formal Jewish education, underwent a spiritual and religious rebirth, and later drew deeper meaning from this experience as he dealt with his cancer diagnosis and treatment. Having cancer provided Stoller with the opportunity to seek out a spiritual revival and to go back to his sorcerer roots. Stoller claims that his experience with sorcery gave him many advantages while undergoing aggressive Western medical treatments, and draws many parallels between being a cancer patient and being a sorcerer. On one hand, Stoller praises the Western healthcare system because it saves lives and uses amazing tools to do so, like an efficient, well-run machine. On the other hand, he criticizes it for having a cold, calculated and mechanical nature. Stoller states that to be a patient in the West requires that you be your own advocate, while in West Africa the healer is your advocate. He laments that one of the major faults with Western healthcare is that is that no healthcare professionals truly seem to care. Yet when doctors and nurses try to reach out to him at different times he states that because of his independent

Personal Experiences With Identity Development - 1850 Words

Identity is a construct base on a person’s belief system, background, and personality. There are multiple parts to a person’s identity such as race, religion, gender expression, or sexual orientations to name a few. When we are born into this world some factors are inherited, while others we acquired over time. This paper aims to address my personal experiences with identity development and how each day I am learning how my privilege affects interactions in the world. The first factor of identity is the internal dimension. This includes the aspects of diversity we cannot control, but may change over time due to external factors. Age, race, ethnicity, physical ability, sexual orientation, and gender are all examples of internal†¦show more content†¦Growing up, I did not have an in-depth understanding of diversity. I could identify internal dimensions such as race and age, but did not fully comprehend how they intersect until college. 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Civilization of Ancient Greece Free Essays

Greece produced classics in almost all genres of creative expression: literature, philosophy, music, the visual arts, and architecture. These classics advanced the aesthetic principles of clarity simplicity, balance, regularity, and harmonious proportion. As a style, Classicism is characterized by these aesthetic principles and by the related ideals of reason, moderation, and dignity (Firer 29). We will write a custom essay sample on Civilization of Ancient Greece or any similar topic only for you Order Now Greek culture is a very original culture in their way of life. A good example is the Parthenon. It towers in height with its beautifully elegant and simple design. It served as a shrine to Athena, the goddess of wisdom and war. Many people visit it each year for its history and unique structure. It had a columned design, made marble and realistic lifelike sculptures the first of its kind. Greek architecture has a specific look and feel to it that has been repeated in inspiration of many artists. It has been used as a design for many current structures, including banks, and libraries. The Iliad and the Odyssey are very unique epics that are the first of their kind. During the long period of political and social turmoil that followed, storytellers kept alive the history of early Greece, the adventures of Mycenaean, and the tales of the Trojan War, passing them orally from generation to generation (32). It was not until at least the ninth century B. C. E. That these stories were transcribed; and it was yet another three hundred years before they reached their present form. They became â€Å"national† poems of ancient Greece, uniting Greek-speaking people by giving literary authority to their common heritage (33). They tell stories that the Greeks held close and wanted to last forever within their culture. These are even used for Inspiration today in writing and poetry. Both are also taught In high school In basic literature classes. They carry lessons that we use In today’s culture; for example, the concepts that everyone makes mistakes (even heroes), to follow directions, loyalty, and to never give up or let go for the ones that you love. All of these life lessons are very Important In our culture today. Work Cited Hero, Gloria K. Landmarks In Humanities. D deed. New York. McGraw Hill, 2013. Print Civilization of Ancient Greece By pleasantries and wanted to last forever within their culture. These are even used for inspiration today in writing and poetry. Both are also taught in high school in basic literature classes. How to cite Civilization of Ancient Greece, Papers

Hedge Funds Strategies for Financial Situation- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theHedge Funds Strategies for Financial Situation Analysis. Answer: The table shows the basic differences between the bilateral repos and tri-party repos: Basis Bilateral Repos Tri Party Repos Manner of collateral selection Collateral assets and securities are selected either manually or on the automatic basis. For the settlement of tri party transactions only automated selection of collaterals is done. Settlement processes The transactions are only settled after obtaining the follow up from the parties. The settlement of processes is fully automated. Occurrence of Margin calls Margin calls occurs either once in a day or weekly or sometimes even monthly. Margin calls are fully automated. Eligibility criteria for collaterals The eligibility criteria used in bilateral agreement is quite simple to comply. The eligibility criteria in tri- party repos are highly sophisticated (Copeland, Duffie, Martin, McLaughlin, 2012). Administration The bilateral repos are administered manually (Gerardi, Goette, Meier, 2010). The administration process here is fully automated. Note: Diagrams are shown in the appendices section in the last. Haircut, in finance is defined as the difference between the assets market value as collateral security for loan and the loan amount. Loan value ratio is used by the lenders of loan to express the proportion of loan amount in the value for which the asset is purchased (Chapman, Chiu, Molico, 2011). It is expressed in percentage terms and indicates the percentage of loan amount in the total value of asset that is borrowed with the help of that particular loan funds. The percentage of haircut and LVR percentage in combination gives 100 of a percent (Wong, Fong, Li, Choi, 2011). In the present case the haircut percentage is given as 10% and it is equivalent 90% initial LVR on a margin loan. Leverage ratio depicts the debt to asset ratio in the present case as hedge funds are using various external sources of financing in order to apply the borrowed funds in investments and other assets generating higher returns. Moreover, the collaterals were sourced from the hedge funds which raised funds using various kinds of debt financing. From the graph it can be seen that in case of arbitrage strategy, highest leverage ratio has been determined for which funds were majorly arranged from repo financing using collateralized assets. Therefore the leverage ratio depicts the debt to assets ratio in the given graphical representation (COPELAND, MARTIN, WALKER, 2014) Leverage refers to the amount of debt funds used for asset financing and an arbitrage is the financial strategy in which there occurs a simultaneous purchase and sale of underlying financial assets in different markets so as to gain higher returns as a result of price differentiation (Martin, Skeie, Thadden, 2014). The hedge funds before making the advantages of arbitrage transactions requires to borrow funds so as to purchase the arbitrage assets and borrowing funds involves high leverage. As compared to other strategies of leveraging, arbitrage is involving lesser risks and even provides higher returns therefore hedge funds have used so much of leverage in arbitrage. Hedge funds raise funds from various sources of finance in order to deploy them in the higher income generating investments. One of those major sources is the external financing in the form of long credits (Sadka, 2010). In credit lines hedge funds uses the funds of external parties to leverage its investments assuming that this approach will amplify gains for it, in terms of higher returns than the borrowing costs. As external debt is involved in long credits there exists higher risk of insolvency. However, with the higher risks associated with long term credits, it enables the hedge funds to expand its profits largely by leveraging investments with greater returns (Stefanini, 2010). Bibliography Chapman, J. T., Chiu, J., Molico, M., 2011. Central bank haircut policy. Annals of Finance , 7 (3), pp. 319-348. Copeland, A., Duffie, D., Martin, A., McLaughlin, S., 2012. Key Mechanics of the U.S. Tri-Party Repo Market. Federeal Reserve of New York Bank Economic Policy Review , 18 (3), 17-28. COPELAND, A., MARTIN, A., WALKER, M., 2014. The Journal of Finance. Repo Runs: Evidence from the Tri-Party Repo Market , 2343-2380. Gerardi, K., Goette, L., Meier, S., 2010. Financial Literacy and Subprime Mortgage Delinquency: Evidence from a Survey Matched to Administrative Data. Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta Working Paper Series No. 2010-10 , 54. Martin, A., Skeie, D., Thadden, E. L., 2014. Repo Runs. The Review of Financial Studies , 27 (4), 957-989. Sadka, R., 2010. Liquidity risk and the cross-section of hedge-fund returns. (Elsevier, Ed.) Journal of Financial Economics , 98 (1), 54-71. Stefanini, F., 2010. Investment Strategies of Hedge Funds (Vol. 577). John Wiley Sons. Wong, T., Fong, T., Li, K.-F., Choi, H., 2011. Loan-to-value ratio as a macroprudential tool-Hong Kong's experience and cross-country evidence. Retrieved October 6, 2017, from hkma.gov.hk: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?Abstract_id=1768546